{"id":1737,"date":"2021-09-07T17:02:11","date_gmt":"2021-09-07T21:02:11","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/ielrblog.com\/?p=1737"},"modified":"2021-09-07T17:02:11","modified_gmt":"2021-09-07T21:02:11","slug":"french-supreme-court-overturns-dismissal-of-complicity-for-crimes-against-humanity-against-lafarge-in-syria","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ielrblog.com\/index.php\/2021\/09\/07\/french-supreme-court-overturns-dismissal-of-complicity-for-crimes-against-humanity-against-lafarge-in-syria\/","title":{"rendered":"French Supreme Court Overturns Dismissal of Complicity for Crimes against Humanity against Lafarge in Syria"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>On September 7, 2021, the French Supreme Court (Court of Cassation) overturned the decision of the Paris Court of Appeal, dismissing a charge of complicity in crimes against humanity against Lafarge, now part of Switzerland-listed Holcim.\u00a0 After an internal investigation, Lafarge admitted that its Syrian subsidiary paid armed groups to protect its workers at its Syrian plant.<\/p>\n<p>In 2019, a French appellate court dismissed the crimes against humanity charge.\u00a0 It reasoned that Lafarge did not deliberately associate itself with those crimes.<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>The French Supreme Court remanded the case so that magistrates can re-examine Lafarge\u2019s request to dismiss the case.\u00a0 Until now, French courts have not tried any French entity for crimes against humanity even though French courts have jurisdiction over such offenses.<a href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0The\u00a0 French\u00a0 Criminal\u00a0 Code\u00a0 of\u00a0 Procedure\u00a0 (CCP) establishes \u00a0universal jurisdiction\u00a0 over\u00a0 specified\u00a0 offenses\u00a0 emanating\u00a0 from\u00a0 international\u00a0 conventions ratified\u00a0 by\u00a0 France.<a href=\"#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Under\u00a0 French\u00a0 law,\u00a0 crimes\u00a0 against\u00a0 humanity\u00a0 are\u00a0 generally\u00a0 defined\u00a0 according\u00a0 to the\u00a0 Rome\u00a0 Statute, with some\u00a0 difference.\u00a0 For instance, the CCP\u00a0 requires\u00a0 that\u00a0 a crime against\u00a0 humanity\u00a0 be\u00a0 part\u00a0 of\u00a0 a concerted plan.<a href=\"#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>The French prosecution accuses Lafarge of paying close to $15.3 million to jihadist groups, including the Islamic State (IS).<a href=\"#_ftn5\" name=\"_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>In October 2016, the prosecution started after the French Ministry of Economy and Finance brought a complaint against Lafarge.<\/p>\n<p>Thereafter, Lafarge started an internal investigation.\u00a0 It learned that the Syrian subsidiary gave funds to third parties to arrange deals with various armed groups.<a href=\"#_ftn6\" name=\"_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>In 2019, the Court of Appeal dismissed the crimes against humanity charge.\u00a0 It reasoned that it accepted that the payments were not to help IS\u2019s agenda of executions and torture.\u00a0 Nevertheless, it ruled that the prosecutor could proceed on three other charges: financing terrorism, violating an EU embargo, and endangering the lives of others.<a href=\"#_ftn7\" name=\"_ftnref7\">[7]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>In its decision the French Supreme Court explained \u201cone can be complicit in crimes against humanity even if one doesn\u2019t have the intention of being associated with the crimes committed.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The Court reasoned that \u201cKnowingly paying several million dollars to an organization whose sole purpose was exclusively criminal suffices to constitute complicity, regardless of whether the party concerned was acting to pursue a commercial activity.\u201d <a href=\"#_ftn8\" name=\"_ftnref8\">[8]<\/a><\/p>\n<p><em>Analysis<\/em><\/p>\n<p>The significance of the Lafarge prosecution concerns two important issues: accountability of multinational enterprises operating in conflict zones for contributing financially to the perpetration of atrocities by terrorist groups or other entities;<a href=\"#_ftn9\" name=\"_ftnref9\">[9]<\/a> and the responsibility of parent companies for the illegal activities of their subsidiaries abroad.<a href=\"#_ftn10\" name=\"_ftnref10\">[10]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>In this regard, in 2017, France enacted the first \u201cduty of vigilance\u201d law in Europe.\u00a0 It requires companies to prevent human rights abuses in their supply chains worldwide.\u00a0 It obligates them to pay damages if they fail to do so.<a href=\"#_ftn11\" name=\"_ftnref11\">[11]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>The case is also important for its illustration of how universal jurisdiction applies with respect to crimes against humanity.<\/p>\n<p>Additional issues facing Lafarge are investigations in the United States.\u00a0 The U.S. has imposed sanctions on Syria during the last ten years.\u00a0 They include the regime of Syrian President Bashar a-Assad and terrorist groups, such as IS.\u00a0\u00a0 The internal investigation suggests the risks for U.S. sanctions are limited, partly since the improper payments were in cash and did not, to the company\u2019s knowledge, enter the U.S. banking system.\u00a0 Normally, multinational enterprises violating U.S. sanctions send U.S. dollars that are cleared in the U.S.<a href=\"#_ftn12\" name=\"_ftnref12\">[12]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>The current issue of the IELR will have a more comprehensive discussion of the Lafarge case.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Sarah White, <em>Court blocks Lafarge bid to scrap Syria crime against humanity charge<\/em>, Reuters, Sept. 7, 2021.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Id.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Open Society Justice Initiative, <em><a href=\"chrome-extension:\/\/efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj\/viewer.html?pdfurl=https%3A%2F%2Ftrialinternational.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F05%2FUniversal-Jurisdiction-Law-and-Practice-in-France.pdf&amp;chunk=true\">Universal Jurisdiction\u00a0 Law and Practice in France<\/a><\/em> 4 (February, 2019), citing French Criminal Code, \u00a0Article 689.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Open Society Justice Initiative, <em>supra<\/em>, at 5.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">[5]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 AFP, <em>French firm Lafarge loses bid to dismiss \u2018crimes against humanity\u2019 case in Syria<\/em>, Sept. 7, 2021. www.france24.com.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\">[6]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 AP, <em>Lafarge charges of crime against humanity dropped on appeal but others remain<\/em>, July 11, 2019, https:\/\/www.france24.om.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\">[7]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 AFP, <em>supra<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\">[8]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <em>Id.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\">[9]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Madeline Young, <em><a href=\"chrome-extension:\/\/efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj\/viewer.html?pdfurl=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarlycommons.law.emory.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1032%26context%3Deilr-recent-developments&amp;clen=380321\">Lafarge\u2019s Case Cemented:\u00a0 Holding Corporations Liable for Crimes against Humanity<\/a><\/em>, Emory Int\u2019l L. Review: Recent Developments, 1 (2021), citing Claire Tixeire et al, <a href=\"http:\/\/opiniojuris.org\/2020\/07\/27\/holding-transnational-corporations-accountable-for-international-crimes-in-syria-update-on-the-developments-in-the-lafarge-case-part-ii\/\">Holding Transnational Corporations Accountable for International Crimes in Syria:\u00a0 Update on the developments in the Lafarge Case (Part II<\/a>), Opinio Juris (July 27, 2020).<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\">[10]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0Young, <em>supra.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\">[11]<\/a> \u00a0<em>Id<\/em>., citing Tixeire et al, <em>supra<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\">[12]<\/a>\u00a0 David Keohane and Ralph Atkins, <em>Syrian operation: Lafarge faces probe over Isis payment<\/em>s, Financial Times, Mar. 7, 2018.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>On September 7, 2021, the French Supreme Court (Court of Cassation) overturned the decision of the Paris Court of Appeal, dismissing a charge of complicity in crimes against humanity against Lafarge, now part of Switzerland-listed Holcim.\u00a0 After an internal investigation, Lafarge admitted that its Syrian subsidiary paid armed groups to protect its workers at its [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[8,125,23,98,93,153,77,75,65,76,82],"tags":[40],"class_list":{"0":"post-1737","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-counterterrorism-and-international-human-rights","7":"category-counterterrorism-enforcement","8":"category-crimes-against-humanity","9":"category-extraterritorial-jurisdiction","10":"category-human-rights","11":"category-illicitfinancing","12":"category-international-criminal-law","13":"category-internationalhumanitarianlaw","14":"category-internationalhumanrights","15":"category-universal-jurisdiction","16":"category-war-crimes","17":"tag-syria","18":"entry"},"yoast_head":"<!-- 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