{"id":2029,"date":"2024-06-07T15:01:36","date_gmt":"2024-06-07T19:01:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ielrblog.com\/?p=2029"},"modified":"2024-06-07T15:01:36","modified_gmt":"2024-06-07T19:01:36","slug":"iran-accused-of-recruiting-swedish-gangs","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ielrblog.com\/index.php\/2024\/06\/07\/iran-accused-of-recruiting-swedish-gangs\/","title":{"rendered":"IRAN ACCUSED OF RECRUITING SWEDISH GANGS"},"content":{"rendered":"

Swedish Security Service Alleges Iran Exploited Criminal Networks<\/p>\n

By Kaila Hall<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

On Thursday, May 30, 2024, the Swedish Security Service (SAPO) alleged that Iran has recruited gangs to target Israeli and Jewish interests. In an online press conference, the head of the agency\u2019s Counter-Intelligence Unit, Daniel Stenling, announced that SAPO \u201ccan establish that criminal networks in Sweden are used as a proxy by Iran.\u201d1<\/sup> The agency has identified \u201cconnections between criminal individuals in the criminal networks and individuals connected to the Iranian security services.\u201d SAPO believes that Iranian intelligence services are coordinating with Swedish gangs \u201cto carry out attacks against Israeli and Jewish interests, goals and activities in Sweden.\u201d The Security Service also accused Iran of targeting Iranian dissident groups and Iranians in the diaspora.2<\/sup><\/p>\n

This announcement came just two weeks after gunshots were heard outside of the Israeli Embassy in Sweden.3<\/sup> Previously, in January 2024, the Embassy in Stockholm was sealed off after police found a live grenade.4<\/sup> This prompted SAPO to launch an investigation into \u201cterrorist crime through grossly illegal threats and attempts to cause public destruction.\u201d No arrests were made in either incident. Swedish officials omitted any mention of these matters in Thursday\u2019s announcement.<\/p>\n

Sweden has been experiencing a trend of gang violence and an uptick in crime recently. Last year, 55 people were killed in shootings and 109 other individuals were injured in 363 separate shootings.5<\/sup> The Foxtrot and rival Rumba gang networks in particular have continuously committed acts of violence throughout the country. On May 30, 2024, Swedish newspaper Dagens Nyheter reported that Rawa Majid, the head of Foxtrot, and Ismail Abdo, the head of Rumba, had both been recruited by the Iranian regime, according to documents from Israel\u2019s Mossad.6<\/sup> The cited documents also stated that Majid had been recently arrested in Iran and given an ultimatum of either cooperating with the regime or being jailed.<\/p>\n

Iranian-Swedish diplomatic relations have worsened in recent years. In July 2022, the Stockholm District Court sentenced7<\/sup> Hamid Noury, a former prison official in Iran, to life in prison. The court affirmed that he was an assistant to the deputy prosecutor at the prison and was “jointly and in collusion with others involved\u201d in the mass execution and torture of Iranian political prisoners in 1988. Prior to Noury\u2019s trial, Iran arrested Swedish EU diplomat Johan Floderus in April 2022,8<\/sup> claiming he spied on behalf of Israel. Iranian State Prosecutors have stated they are seeking the death penalty.9<\/sup><\/p>\n

In terms of legal precedent for the criminal liability of foreign sovereigns, the standard in the U.S. is the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (FSIA).10<\/sup> In 2023, the United States Supreme Court held in Tu\u0308rkiye Halk Bankasi A.S. (Halkbank) v. United States,11<\/sup> <\/em>that the FSIA does not provide immunity to foreign states or their instrumentalities in criminal prosecutions. The Court perceived the statute as being \u201csilent as to criminal matters\u201d12<\/sup> and \u201csay[ing] not a word about criminal proceedings against foreign states or their instrumentalities.\u201d With respect to international legal entities, the International Criminal Court prosecutes individuals while the International Court of Justice adjudicates cases on crimes against humanity and genocide against states, but they are not prosecuted. Per Halkbank\u2019s<\/em> ruling that the FSIA is not applicable to criminal matters, state prosecutors may indict and prosecute sovereign owned enterprises (SOEs) and foreign States.13<\/sup> In the event that States prosecute foreign sovereigns or SOEs, the federal government can submit a \u201csuggestion of immunity.\u201d<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

[1] \u201cStockholm Accuses Iran of Using Criminals in Sweden to Target Israel or Jewish Interests.\u201d AP News<\/em>, 30 May 2024, apnews.com\/article\/sweden-iran-israel-criminal-gangs-proxy-d50a17efab629a585e281854d3e11407<\/a><\/p>\n

[2] Reuters. \u201cSwedish Security Service Says Iran Uses Criminal Networks in Sweden.\u201d Reuters<\/em>, 30 May 2024, www.reuters.com\/world\/swedish-security-service-says-iran-uses-criminal-networks-sweden-2024-05-30\/<\/a><\/p>\n

[3] Reuters. Swedish police investigate shooting near Israeli embassy in Stockholm, 17 May 2024, www.reuters.com\/world\/europe\/suspected-gunshots-near-israeli-embassy-stockholm-prompt-police-cordon-2024-05-17\/<\/a><\/p>\n

[4] \u201cSwedish Security Agency Is Investigating an Object Found at the Israeli Embassy as an Act of Terror.\u201d AP News<\/em>, 2 Feb. 2024, apnews.com\/article\/sweden-israeli-embassy-object-investigation-terrorism-250f2bfcd8736608534b6fbc97eb1978<\/a><\/p>\n

[5] \u201cNumber of Shootings in Sweden from 2017 to 2023.\u201d Statista<\/em>, www.statista.com\/statistics\/1178223\/number-of-shootings-in-sweden\/<\/a><\/p>\n

[6] \u201cSweden Says Iran Using Swedish Gangs to Target Israel, Other States.\u201d Institutkurde.org<\/em>, www.institutkurde.org\/en\/info\/latest\/sweden-says-iran-using-swedish-gangs-to-target-israel-other-states-12663\/<\/a><\/p>\n

\u200c[7] Reuters. \u201cSwedish Court Sentences Ex-Iranian Official to Life for Torture, Executions.\u201d Reuters<\/em>, 14 July 2022, www.reuters.com\/world\/europe\/swedish-court-verdict-iran-prison-executions-trial-due-thursday-2022-07-14\/<\/a><\/p>\n

[8] \u201cJohan Floderus: EU Confirms Official from Sweden Detained in Iran.\u201d Www.bbc.com<\/em>, 5 Sept. 2023, www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-66716225<\/a><\/p>\n

[9] \u201cIran\u2019s Imprisonment of EU Diplomat Reveals New Era of Hostage Diplomacy.\u201d POLITICO<\/em>, 17 Apr. 2024, www.politico.eu\/article\/we-just-want-johan-back-an-eu-diplomat-has-spent-2-years-in-irans-most-notorious-prison\/<\/a><\/p>\n

\u200c[10] Rodino, Rep. Peter. \u201cH.R.11315 – Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act.\u201d Congress<\/em>, 19 Dec. 1975, www.congress.gov\/bill\/94th-congress\/house-bill\/11315<\/a><\/p>\n

[11] U.S. Supreme Court. \u201cTURKIYE HALK BANKASI A. S., AKA HALKBANK v. UNITED STATES.\u201d U.S. Supreme Court<\/em>, 19 Apr. 2023, www.supremecourt.gov\/opinions\/22pdf\/21-1450_5468.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

[12] Congressional Research Service. \u201cThe Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act: Prosecuting Foreign States after the Supreme Court\u2019s Decision in Halkbank.\u201d Congressional Research Service<\/em>, 18 May 2023, crsreports.congress.gov\/product\/pdf\/LSB\/LSB10967\/2<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

[13] Frederick T. Davis, \u201cThe Halkbank Decision from the Supreme Court: The Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act Does Not Apply to Criminal Cases, Offers No Protection to Halkbank So: What Is Next? | International Enforcement Law Reporter.\u201d 39 Int\u2019l Enforcement L. Rep. 189, May. 2023, www.ielr.com\/content\/halkbank-decision-supreme-court-foreign-sovereign-immunities-act-does-not-apply-criminal<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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