{"id":456,"date":"2018-03-24T20:31:42","date_gmt":"2018-03-24T20:31:42","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/ielrblog.com\/?p=456"},"modified":"2018-03-26T13:51:56","modified_gmt":"2018-03-26T13:51:56","slug":"cato-study-highlights-the-need-for-better-policy-on-u-s-arms-sales","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ielrblog.com\/index.php\/2018\/03\/24\/cato-study-highlights-the-need-for-better-policy-on-u-s-arms-sales\/","title":{"rendered":"U.S.  Government Needs Better Control on International Arms Sales"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>On March 13, 2018, CATO published a report by A. Trevor Thrall and Caroline Dorminey entitled\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/object.cato.org\/sites\/cato.org\/files\/pubs\/pdf\/pa-836.pdf\">Risky Business:\u00a0The Role of Arms Sales in U.S. Foreign Policy<\/a>.<\/p>\n<div>The report observes that since 2002, the U.S. has sold\u00a0more than $197 billion worth of major\u00a0conventional weapons and related military\u00a0support to 167 countries. In just his first\u00a0year in office, President Donald Trump signed arms deals at an accelerated rate, generating hundreds of billions of dollars\u2019\u00a0worth of potential sales.<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>According to the report,\u00a0 U.S. government-to-government arms sales since 2002 reveals that the\u00a0 U.S.\u00a0 has repeatedly sold weapons to nations engaged in deadly conflicts, and to those with horrendous human rights records, under circumstances\u00a0 in which the U.S. has not been able to predict where the weapons would end up or how they would be used.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>The report argues that economic benefits of arms\u00a0ales are dubious and that their strategic utility is\u00a0\u00a0far more uncertain and limited than most realize. The authors persuasively argue that the U.S. should revise its arms sales policy to improve the risk assessment process, to ban sales to countries where the risk of negative consequences is too high, and to limit sales to cases in which they will directly enhance U.S. security.<\/div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>The U.S. sells arms to a\u00a0 large number of risky customers in the world,\u00a0and the U.S. sells weapons to most\u00a0of them.\u00a0 The data shows that the U.S. does not discriminate between high- and low-risk customers. The average sales to the riskiest nations are higher than those to the least risky nations.\u00a0 Due to the lack of discrimination, these recipient governments have used their U.S. weapons to promote oppression, commit human rights abuses, and perpetuate bloody civil wars.<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>A result of the lack of discrimination in arms sale is blowback:\u00a0 U.S. troops and their allies have faced U.S.-made weapons in almost every military engagement since the end of the Cold War, including in Panama, Haiti, Somalia, Iraq, Afghanistan, Yemen, and Syria.<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<div>Arms sales do not just\u00a0affect the recipient nation; they also affect and can destabilize the local balance of power, often causing ripple\u00a0effects throughout the region.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<div>The report recommends the U.S. should reorient its arms\u00a0sales policy to ensure that sales provide strategic benefits and to avoid producing negative\u00a0unintended consequences. At a practical level, arms sales must be reduced dramatically,\u00a0especially to nations with high risk factors<\/div>\n<div class=\"canvasWrapper\"><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>The report made several recommendations, including that &#8220;the president should issue a new Presidential Policy Directive reorienting U.S. arms sales policy so that\u00a0 the new default policy is \u201cno sale.\u201d The only circumstances in which the United States should sell or transfer arms to another country are when three conditions are met: (1) there is a direct threat to American national security; (2) there is no other way to confront that threat other than arming another country; and (3) the United States is the only potential supplier of the necessary weapons.&#8221;<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div><strong>Other (Non-state-to-state arms sales)<\/strong> &#8211;<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>The latest Issue Brief from the Small Arms Survey\u2014<a href=\"http:\/\/www.smallarmssurvey.org\/about-us\/highlights\/2016\/highlight-ib17.html\"><i>Dribs and Drabs: The Mechanics of Small Arms Trafficking from the United States<\/i><\/a>\u2014analyses a side of the arms trade that is less flashy, less centralized, and even more difficult to stop.\u00a0 It reviews the modes of transport, concealment methods, and smuggling techniques employed by arms traffickers in the U.S.\u00a0 \u00a0The brief finds\u00a0 strong\u00a0arms export licensing regimes are necessary but not sufficient for stopping small arms trafficking. &#8220;The illicit trade in parts and accessories for small arms is more significant than commonly assumed. Networks that traffic in firearms parts are among the most prolific and geographically expansive of the smuggling operations studied.&#8221;<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>The U.S. is the largest producer of small arms in the world, with more than half of the world\u2019s producers based in the U.S. Many arms traffickers buy relatively inexpensive firearms in the U.S. and resell them on the black market abroad because the penalties are relatively light compared with the penalties for smuggling drugs \u2013 and the profit margin is high. Arms brokers bypass regulatory norms and facilitate weapons transfers from states to non-state actors and buyers who could not otherwise obtain them.<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>The rate of U.S. firearms flowing into Central America, particularly the northern triangle countries of Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras, constitutes a major regional security problem.<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>The United States is one of three countries that have not ratified <a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/p\/wha\/hs\/multilateral\/cifta\/\">the Inter-American Convention Against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Ammunition, Explosives, and Other Related Materials (CIFTA).<\/a>\u00a0The Convention requires parties to criminalize the illegal manufacture, import, or export of high-powered weapons.\u00a0 It also provides for information exchange and cooperation on initiatives including the marking and tracing of weapons and the identification of criminal transit routes. President Bill Clinton signed CIFTA in 1997 and submitted it for ratification to the Senate, but the Senate failed to act.\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.oas.org\/juridico\/english\/Sigs\/a-63.html\">Twenty-nine countries<\/a> in the Western Hemisphere have ratified CIFTA.<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>Just as importantly, the U.S. voted in favor of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/disarmament\/att\/\">United Nations&#8217; Arms Trade Treaty (ATT)<\/a> in April 2013, and it has signed, but not yet ratified the treaty.\u00a0 <a href=\"ttps:\/\/s3.amazonaws.com\/unoda-web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/ATT-List-of-States-Parties-as-of-8-March-2018.pdf\">93 states participate, including 22 Latin American and Caribbean countries participate<\/a> in the treaty.\u00a0\u00a0The landmark Arms Trade Treaty (ATT), regulating the international trade in conventional arms \u2013 from small arms to battle tanks, combat aircraft and warships \u2013 entered into force on December 24, 2014.<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>Strengthening U.S. gun control and participating in CIFTA and the UN Small Arms Treaty will offset widespread regional views that the U.S. remains indifferent to its own role in exacerbating one of Latin America&#8217;s most significant challenges.<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>On March 13, 2018, CATO published a report by A. Trevor Thrall and Caroline Dorminey entitled\u00a0Risky Business:\u00a0The Role of Arms Sales in U.S. Foreign Policy. The report observes that since 2002, the U.S. has sold\u00a0more than $197 billion worth of major\u00a0conventional weapons and related military\u00a0support to 167 countries. In just his first\u00a0year in office, President [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[25,8,26,3,11],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-456","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-arms-trade","7":"category-counterterrorism-and-international-human-rights","8":"category-small-arms-trade","9":"category-transnational-corruption-money-laundering-and-asset-forfeiture","10":"category-transnational-organized-crime-cybercrime-narcotics","11":"entry"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>U.S. Government Needs Better Control on International Arms Sales | IELR Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ielrblog.com\/index.php\/2018\/03\/24\/cato-study-highlights-the-need-for-better-policy-on-u-s-arms-sales\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"U.S. Government Needs Better Control on International Arms Sales | IELR Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"On March 13, 2018, CATO published a report by A. 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